<!Doctype html>
<html>
<head>
	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
	<title>Python 函数 | 菜鸟教程</title>

  <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='classic-theme-styles-css' href='../0/classic-themes.min.css?ver=6.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel="canonical" href="../python/python-functions.html" />
<meta name="keywords" content="Python 函数">
<meta name="description" content="Python 函数 函数是组织好的，可重复使用的，用来实现单一，或相关联功能的代码段。函数能提高应用的模块性，和代码的重复利用率。你已经知道Python提供了许多内建函数，比如print()。但你也可以自己创建函数，这被叫做用户自定义函数。  定义一个函数  你可以定义一个由自己想要功能的函数，以下是简单的规则：  函数代码块以 def 关键词开头，后接函数标识符名称和圆括号()。  任何传入参数和自变量必须放在圆括号中间。圆括号之间可..">
		
	<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static.runoob.com/images/favicon.ico">
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/style.css?v=1.170" type="text/css" media="all" />	
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" />	
  <!--[if gte IE 9]><!-->
  <script src=""></script>
  <!--<![endif]-->
  <!--[if lt IE 9]>
     <script src=""></script>
     <script src=""></script>
  <![endif]-->
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.runoob.com/images/icon/mobile-icon.png"/>
  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="菜鸟教程">
</head>
<body>

<!--  头部 -->
<div class="container logo-search">

  <div class="col search row-search-mobile">
    <form action="index.php">
      <input class="placeholder" placeholder="搜索……" name="s" autocomplete="off">
      
    </form>
  </div>

  <div class="row">
    <div class="col logo">
      <h1><a href="../">菜鸟教程 -- 学的不仅是技术，更是梦想！</a></h1>
    </div>
        <div class="col right-list"> 
    <button class="btn btn-responsive-nav btn-inverse" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-main-collapse" id="pull" style=""> <i class="fa fa-navicon"></i> </button>
    </div>
        
    <div class="col search search-desktop last">
      <div class="search-input" >
      <form action="//www.runoob.com/" target="_blank">
        <input class="placeholder" id="s" name="s" placeholder="搜索……"  autocomplete="off" style="height: 44px;">
      </form>
      
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>



<!-- 导航栏 -->
<!-- 导航栏 -->
<div class="container navigation">
	<div class="row">
		<div class="col nav">
			<ul class="pc-nav" id="runoob-detail-nav">
				<li><a href="../">首页</a></li>
				<li><a href="../html/html-tutorial.html">HTML</a></li>
				<li><a href="../css/css-tutorial.html">CSS</a></li>
				<li><a href="../js/js-tutorial.html">JavaScript</a></li>
				<li><a href="javascript:void(0);" data-id="vue">Vue</a></li>
				<li><a href="javascript:void(0);" data-id="bootstrap">Bootstrap</a></li>
				<li><a href="../nodejs/nodejs-tutorial.html">NodeJS</a></li>
				<li><a href="../python3/python3-tutorial.html">Python3</a></li>
				<li><a href="../python/python-tutorial.html">Python2</a></li>
				<li><a href="../java/java-tutorial.html">Java</a></li>
				<li><a href="../cprogramming/c-tutorial.html">C</a></li>
				<li><a href="../cplusplus/cpp-tutorial.html">C++</a></li>
				<li><a href="../csharp/csharp-tutorial.html">C#</a></li>
				<li><a href="../go/go-tutorial.html">Go</a></li>
				<li><a href="../sql/sql-tutorial.html">SQL</a></li>
				<li><a href="../linux/linux-tutorial.html">Linux</a></li>
				<li><a href="../jquery/jquery-tutorial.html">jQuery</a></li>
				<li><a href="../browser-history">本地书签</a></li>
				<!--
			
				<li><a href="../w3cnote/knowledge-start.html" style="font-weight: bold;" onclick="_hmt.push(['_trackEvent', '星球', 'click', 'start'])" title="我的圈子">我的圈子</a></li>				
				<li><a href="javascript:;" class="runoob-pop">登录</a></li>
				-->
      		</ul>
			<ul class="mobile-nav">
				<li><a href="../">首页</a></li>
				<li><a href="../html/html-tutorial.html">HTML</a></li>
				<li><a href="../css/css-tutorial.html">CSS</a></li>
				<li><a href="../js/js-tutorial.html">JS</a></li>
				<li><a href="../browser-history">本地书签</a></li>
				<li><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="search-reveal">Search</a> </li>
			</ul>
			
		</div>
	</div>
</div>

<div class="container sub-navigation sub-navigation-articles" style="display:none">
	<div class="row">
		<div class="col nav-sub">
		<ul id="python">
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../python3/python3-tutorial.html">Python3 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../python/python-tutorial.html">Python2 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
		</ul>
		<ul id="vue">
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../vue3/vue3-tutorial.html">Vue3 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../vue/vue-tutorial.html">vue2 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
		</ul>

		<ul id="bootstrap">
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../bootstrap/bootstrap-tutorial.html">Bootstrap3 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../bootstrap4/bootstrap4-tutorial.html">Bootstrap4 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../bootstrap5/bootstrap5-tutorial.html">Bootstrap5 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
			<li class="cat-item"><a href="../bootstrap/bootstrap-v2-tutorial.html">Bootstrap2 教程 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li>
		</ul>
		</div>
	</div>
</div><!--  内容  -->
<div class="container main">
	<!-- 中间 -->
	<div class="row">
	
<div class="runoob-col-md2">
<div class="left-column">
	<div class="tab" style="overflow: hidden;text-overflow: ellipsis;white-space: nowrap;">
	<i class="fa fa-list" aria-hidden="true"></i> 
	<span>Python 基础教程</span>
	<a data-cate="48" href="javascript:void(0);" title="夜间模式"  id="moon"><i class="fa fa-moon-o" aria-hidden="true" style="line-height: 28px;font-size: 1.2em;margin: 2px 4px 0;"></i></a>
	<a data-cate="48" style="display:none;" href="javascript:void(0);" title="日间模式"  id="sun" ><i class="fa fa-sun-o" aria-hidden="true" style="line-height: 28px;font-size: 1.2em;margin: 2px 4px 0;line-height: 28px;
}"></i></a>

	</div>
	<div class="sidebar-box gallery-list">
		<div class="design" id="leftcolumn">
						<a target="_top" title="Python 基础教程"  href="../python/python-tutorial.html" >
			Python 基础教程			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 简介"  href="../python/python-intro.html" >
			Python 简介			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 环境搭建"  href="../python/python-install.html" >
			Python 环境搭建			</a>
			<a target="_top" title="Python 中文编码" href="python-chinese-encoding.html"> Python 中文编码 </a>			<a target="_top" title="Python 基础语法"  href="../python/python-basic-syntax.html" >
			Python 基础语法			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 变量类型"  href="../python/python-variable-types.html" >
			Python 变量类型			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 运算符"  href="../python/python-operators.html" >
			Python 运算符			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 条件语句"  href="../python/python-if-statement.html" >
			Python 条件语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 循环语句"  href="../python/python-loops.html" >
			Python 循环语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python While 循环语句"  href="../python/python-while-loop.html" >
			Python While 循环语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python for 循环语句"  href="../python/python-for-loop.html" >
			Python for 循环语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 循环嵌套"  href="../python/python-nested-loops.html" >
			Python 循环嵌套			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python break 语句"  href="../python/python-break-statement.html" >
			Python break 语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python continue  语句"  href="../python/python-continue-statement.html" >
			Python continue  语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python pass 语句"  href="../python/python-pass-statement.html" >
			Python pass 语句			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python Number(数字)"  href="../python/python-numbers.html" >
			Python Number(数字)			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 字符串"  href="../python/python-strings.html" >
			Python 字符串			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 列表(List)"  href="../python/python-lists.html" >
			Python 列表(List)			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 元组"  href="../python/python-tuples.html" >
			Python 元组			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 字典(Dictionary)"  href="../python/python-dictionary.html" >
			Python 字典(Dictionary)			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 日期和时间"  href="../python/python-date-time.html" >
			Python 日期和时间			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 函数"  href="../python/python-functions.html" >
			Python 函数			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 模块"  href="../python/python-modules.html" >
			Python 模块			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 文件I/O"  href="../python/python-files-io.html" >
			Python 文件I/O			</a>
			<a target="_top" title="Python File 方法" href="file-methods.html">Python File 方法</a>			<a target="_top" title="Python 异常处理"  href="../python/python-exceptions.html" >
			Python 异常处理			</a>
			<a target="_top" title="Python OS 文件/目录方法" href="os-file-methods.html">Python OS 文件/目录方法</a>
<a target="_top" title="Python 内置函数" href="python-built-in-functions.html">Python 内置函数</a>
<br><h2 class="left"><span class="left_h2">Python</span> 高级教程</h2>			<a target="_top" title="Python 面向对象"  href="../python/python-object.html" >
			Python 面向对象			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 正则表达式"  href="../python/python-reg-expressions.html" >
			Python 正则表达式			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python CGI 编程"  href="../python/python-cgi.html" >
			Python CGI 编程			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 操作 MySQL 数据库"  href="../python/python-mysql.html" >
			Python MySQL			</a>
			<a target="_top" title="Python 网络编程" href="python-socket.html"> Python 网络编程 </a>			<a target="_top" title="Python SMTP发送邮件"  href="../python/python-email.html" >
			Python SMTP			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python 多线程"  href="../python/python-multithreading.html" >
			Python 多线程			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python XML 解析"  href="../python/python-xml.html" >
			Python XML 解析			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python GUI 编程(Tkinter)"  href="../python/python-gui-tkinter.html" >
			Python GUI 编程(Tkinter)			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python2.x 与 3​​.x 版本区别"  href="../python/python-2x-3x.html" >
			Python2.x 与 3​​.x 版本区别			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python IDE"  href="../python/python-ide.html" >
			Python IDE			</a>
						<a target="_top" title="Python JSON"  href="../python/python-json.html" >
			Python JSON			</a>
			<a target="_blank" title="Python AI 绘画" href="../python3/python-ai-draw.html">Python AI 绘画			</a>			<a target="_top" title="Python 100例"  href="../python/python-100-examples.html" >
			Python 100例			</a>
			<a target="_blank" title="Python 测验" href="../quiz/python-quiz.html"> Python 测验 </a>	
		</div>
	</div>	
</div>
</div>	<div class="col middle-column">
		
	
	<div class="article">
		
		<div class="previous-next-links">
			<div class="previous-design-link"><i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a href="../python/python-date-time.html" rel="prev"> Python 日期和时间</a> </div>
			<div class="next-design-link"><a href="../python/python-modules.html" rel="next"> Python 模块</a> <i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></div>
		</div>
<div class="article-heading-ad" style="display: block;">
<script async src=""
     crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<!-- 728*90 固定 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
     style="display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px"
     data-ad-client="ca-pub-5751451760833794"
     data-ad-slot="2147566827"></ins>
<script>
     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
		</div>
		<div class="article-body">
		
			<div class="article-intro" id="content">
			
			<h1>Python 函数</h1>
<p>函数是组织好的，可重复使用的，用来实现单一，或相关联功能的代码段。</p><p>函数能提高应用的模块性，和代码的重复利用率。你已经知道Python提供了许多内建函数，比如print()。但你也可以自己创建函数，这被叫做用户自定义函数。</p>
<hr>
<h2>定义一个函数</h2>

<p>你可以定义一个由自己想要功能的函数，以下是简单的规则：</p>
<ul>
<li>函数代码块以 <strong>def</strong> 关键词开头，后接函数标识符名称和圆括号<strong>()</strong>。</li>

<li>任何传入参数和自变量必须放在圆括号中间。圆括号之间可以用于定义参数。</li>

<li>函数的第一行语句可以选择性地使用文档字符串—用于存放函数说明。</li>

<li>函数内容以冒号起始，并且缩进。</li>

<li><strong>return [表达式]</strong> 结束函数，选择性地返回一个值给调用方。不带表达式的return相当于返回 None。</li>
</ul><hr>
<h3>语法</h3>
<div class="example"> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">functionname</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">parameters</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数_文档字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-identifier">function_suite</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-identifier">expression</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>默认情况下，参数值和参数名称是按函数声明中定义的顺序匹配起来的。</p>
<h3>实例</h3>
<p>以下为一个简单的Python函数，它将一个字符串作为传入参数，再打印到标准显示设备上。</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印传入的字符串到标准显示设备上</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span></div>
</div>
</div><hr>
<h2>函数调用</h2>
<p>定义一个函数只给了函数一个名称，指定了函数里包含的参数，和代码块结构。</p>

<p>这个函数的基本结构完成以后，你可以通过另一个函数调用执行，也可以直接从Python提示符执行。</p>

<p>如下实例调用了printme（）函数：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 定义函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印任何传入的字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 调用函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">我要调用用户自定义函数!</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">再次调用同一函数</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
我要调用用户自定义函数!
再次调用同一函数
</pre><hr>
<h2>参数传递</h2>
<p>在 python 中，类型属于对象，变量是没有类型的：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">2</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">3</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Runoob</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上代码中，<b>[1,2,3]</b> 是 List 类型，<b>"Runoob"</b> 是 String 类型，而变量 a 是没有类型，她仅仅是一个对象的引用（一个指针），可以是 List 类型对象，也可以指向 String 类型对象。</p>



<h3>可更改(mutable)与不可更改(immutable)对象</h3>
<p>在 python 中，strings, tuples, 和 numbers 是不可更改的对象，而 list,dict 等则是可以修改的对象。</p>
<ul><li><p><b>
不可变类型：</b>变量赋值 <b>a=5</b> 后再赋值 <b>a=10</b>，这里实际是新生成一个 int 值对象 10，再让 a 指向它，而 5 被丢弃，不是改变a的值，相当于新生成了a。</p></li><li><p><b>
可变类型：</b>变量赋值 <b>la=[1,2,3,4]</b> 后再赋值 <b>la[2]=5</b> 则是将 list la 的第三个元素值更改，本身la没有动，只是其内部的一部分值被修改了。</p></li></ul>

<p>python 函数的参数传递：</p>
<ul><li><p><b>
不可变类型：</b>类似 c++ 的值传递，如 整数、字符串、元组。如fun（a），传递的只是a的值，没有影响a对象本身。比如在 fun（a）内部修改 a 的值，只是修改另一个复制的对象，不会影响 a 本身。</p></li><li><p><b>
可变类型：</b>类似 c++ 的引用传递，如 列表，字典。如 fun（la），则是将 la 真正的传过去，修改后fun外部的la也会受影响</p></li></ul>

<p>python 中一切都是对象，严格意义我们不能说值传递还是引用传递，我们应该说传不可变对象和传可变对象。</p>
<h3>python 传不可变对象实例</h3>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">ChangeInt</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">a</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">b</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-number">2</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">ChangeInt</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">b</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">b</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-comment"># 结果是 2</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>实例中有 int 对象 2，指向它的变量是 b，在传递给 ChangeInt 函数时，按传值的方式复制了变量 b，a 和 b 都指向了同一个 Int 对象，在 a=10 时，则新生成一个 int 值对象 10，并让 a 指向它。</p>

<h3>传可变对象实例</h3>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">changeme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">mylist</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">修改传入的列表</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-identifier">mylist</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">append</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">1</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">2</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">3</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">4</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数内取值: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">mylist</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 调用changeme函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">mylist</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">20</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-number">30</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">changeme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">mylist</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数外取值: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">mylist</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>实例中传入函数的和在末尾添加新内容的对象用的是同一个引用，故输出结果如下：</p>
<pre>
函数内取值:  [10, 20, 30, [1, 2, 3, 4]]
函数外取值:  [10, 20, 30, [1, 2, 3, 4]]
</pre><hr>
<h2>参数</h2>
<p>以下是调用函数时可使用的正式参数类型：</p>
<ul>
<li>必备参数</li>

<li>关键字参数</li>

<li>默认参数</li>

<li>不定长参数</li>
</ul>
<h3>必备参数</h3>

<p>必备参数须以正确的顺序传入函数。调用时的数量必须和声明时的一样。</p>

<p>调用printme()函数，你必须传入一个参数，不然会出现语法错误：</p>

<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印任何传入的字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#调用printme函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 11, in &lt;module&gt;
    printme()
TypeError: printme() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
</pre>
<h3>关键字参数</h3>

<p>关键字参数和函数调用关系紧密，函数调用使用关键字参数来确定传入的参数值。</p>
<p>使用关键字参数允许函数调用时参数的顺序与声明时不一致，因为 Python 解释器能够用参数名匹配参数值。</p>
<p>以下实例在函数 printme() 调用时使用参数名：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印任何传入的字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#调用printme函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printme</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">str</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">My string</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：
</p>
<pre>
My string
</pre>
<p>下例能将关键字参数顺序不重要展示得更清楚：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">age</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印任何传入的字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Name: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Age </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">age</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#调用printinfo函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">age</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-number">50</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">miki</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
Name:  miki
Age  50
</pre>
<h3>默认参数</h3>

<p>调用函数时，默认参数的值如果没有传入，则被认为是默认值。下例会打印默认的age，如果age没有被传入：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">age</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-number">35</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印任何传入的字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Name: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">Age </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">age</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#调用printinfo函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">age</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-number">50</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">miki</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">name</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">miki</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
Name:  miki
Age  50
Name:  miki
Age  35
</pre>
<h3>不定长参数</h3>

<p>你可能需要一个函数能处理比当初声明时更多的参数。这些参数叫做不定长参数，和上述2种参数不同，声明时不会命名。基本语法如下：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">functionname</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-identifier">formal_args</span><span class="hl-code">,</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-code"> *</span><span class="hl-identifier">var_args_tuple</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数_文档字符串</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-identifier">function_suite</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-identifier">expression</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>加了星号（*）的变量名会存放所有未命名的变量参数。不定长参数实例如下：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code">, *</span><span class="hl-identifier">vartuple</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">打印任何传入的参数</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">输出: </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">for</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">var</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">in</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">vartuple</span><span class="hl-code">:
      </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">var</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 调用printinfo 函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">printinfo</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">70</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">60</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">50</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
输出:
10
输出:
70
60
50
</pre>
<hr><h2>匿名函数</h2>

<p>python 使用 lambda 来创建匿名函数。</p>
<ul>

<li>lambda只是一个表达式，函数体比def简单很多。
</li><li>
lambda的主体是一个表达式，而不是一个代码块。仅仅能在lambda表达式中封装有限的逻辑进去。
</li><li>lambda函数拥有自己的命名空间，且不能访问自有参数列表之外或全局命名空间里的参数。</li>

<li>虽然lambda函数看起来只能写一行，却不等同于C或C++的内联函数，后者的目的是调用小函数时不占用栈内存从而增加运行效率。</li>
</ul>
<h3>语法</h3>

<p>lambda函数的语法只包含一个语句，如下：</p>
<pre>
lambda [arg1 [,arg2,.....argn]]:expression
</pre>
<p>如下实例：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">sum</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-reserved">lambda</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg2</span><span class="hl-code">: </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code"> + </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg2</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 调用sum函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">相加后的值为 : </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-builtin">sum</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">20</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">相加后的值为 : </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-builtin">sum</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">20</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">20</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
相加后的值为 :  30
相加后的值为 :  40
</pre><hr>
<h2>return 语句</h2>

<p>return语句[表达式]退出函数，选择性地向调用方返回一个表达式。不带参数值的return语句返回None。之前的例子都没有示范如何返回数值，下例便告诉你怎么做：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-builtin">sum</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg2</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-comment"># 返回2个参数的和.&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code"> + </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg2</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数内 : </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 调用sum函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-builtin">sum</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">20</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
函数内 :  30
</pre><hr>
<h2>变量作用域</h2>

<p>一个程序的所有的变量并不是在哪个位置都可以访问的。访问权限决定于这个变量是在哪里赋值的。</p>

<o>变量的作用域决定了在哪一部分程序你可以访问哪个特定的变量名称。两种最基本的变量作用域如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>全局变量</li>

<li>局部变量</li>
</ul><hr>
<h2>全局变量和局部变量</h2>

<p>定义在函数内部的变量拥有一个局部作用域，定义在函数外的拥有全局作用域。</p>

<p>局部变量只能在其被声明的函数内部访问，而全局变量可以在整个程序范围内访问。调用函数时，所有在函数内声明的变量名称都将被加入到作用域中。如下实例：</p>
<div class="example"> 
<h2 class="example">实例(Python 2.0+)</h2> 
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-number">0</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-comment"># 这是一个全局变量</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-comment"># 可写函数说明</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-builtin">sum</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg2</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
   </span><span class="hl-comment">#返回2个参数的和.&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg1</span><span class="hl-code"> + </span><span class="hl-identifier">arg2</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-comment"># total在这里是局部变量.</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数内是局部变量 : </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code">
   </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-comment">#调用sum函数</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-builtin">sum</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-number">10</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-number">20</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-reserved">print</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">函数外是全局变量 : </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">total</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以上实例输出结果：</p>
<pre>
函数内是局部变量 :  30
函数外是全局变量 :  0
</pre>			<!-- 其他扩展 -->
						
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="previous-next-links">
			<div class="previous-design-link"><i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a href="../python/python-date-time.html" rel="prev"> Python 日期和时间</a> </div>
			<div class="next-design-link"><a href="../python/python-modules.html" rel="next"> Python 模块</a> <i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></div>
		</div>
		<!-- 笔记列表 -->
		<style>
.wrapper {
  /*text-transform: uppercase; */
  background: #ececec;
  color: #555;
  cursor: help;
  font-family: "Gill Sans", Impact, sans-serif;
  font-size: 20px;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
  width: 200px;
  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0); /* webkit flicker fix */
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; /* webkit text rendering fix */
}

.wrapper .tooltip {
  white-space: nowrap;
  font-size: 14px;
  text-align: left;
  background: #96b97d;
  bottom: 100%;
  color: #fff;
  display: block;
  left: -25px;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
  opacity: 0;
  padding: 14px;
  pointer-events: none;
  position: absolute;
  
  -webkit-transform: translateY(10px);
     -moz-transform: translateY(10px);
      -ms-transform: translateY(10px);
       -o-transform: translateY(10px);
          transform: translateY(10px);
  -webkit-transition: all .25s ease-out;
     -moz-transition: all .25s ease-out;
      -ms-transition: all .25s ease-out;
       -o-transition: all .25s ease-out;
          transition: all .25s ease-out;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
     -moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
      -ms-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
       -o-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
          box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
}
.tooltip a {
	color:#fff;
}
/* This bridges the gap so you can mouse into the tooltip without it disappearing */
.wrapper .tooltip:before {
  bottom: -20px;
  content: " ";
  display: block;
  height: 20px;
  left: 0;
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
}  

/* CSS Triangles - see Trevor's post */
.wrapper .tooltip:after {
  border-left: solid transparent 10px;
  border-right: solid transparent 10px;
  border-top: solid #96b97d 10px;
  bottom: -10px;
  content: " ";
  height: 0;
  left: 20%;
  margin-left: -13px;
  position: absolute;
  width: 0;
}
.wrapper .tooltip1 {
	margin-left: 50px;
	padding-top: 0px;
}
/*
.wrapper:hover .tooltip {
  opacity: 1;
  pointer-events: auto;
  -webkit-transform: translateY(0px);
     -moz-transform: translateY(0px);
      -ms-transform: translateY(0px);
       -o-transform: translateY(0px);
          transform: translateY(0px);
}
*/
/* IE can just show/hide with no transition */
.lte8 .wrapper .tooltip {
  display: none;
}

.lte8 .wrapper:hover .tooltip {
  display: block;
}

</style>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/upvotejs.css">
<script src=""></script>
<script src=""></script>
<div class="title" id="comments">
	<h2 class="">
    <div class="altblock">
				<i style="font-size:28px;margin-top: 8px;" class="fa fa-plus-square" aria-hidden="true"></i>
		    </div>
    <span class="mw-headline" id="qa_headline">12  篇笔记</span>
	<span class="mw-headline" id="user_add_note" style="float:right;line-height: 62px;padding-right: 14px;"><i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>  写笔记</span>
    </h2>
</div>

<div id="postcomments"  style="display:none;" >
	<ol class="commentlist">
		<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-11395"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bling coin</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;zha***nszg@126.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-11395" data-commid = "11395" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">168</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-11395">全局变量想作用于函数内，需加 global

<pre>
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

globvar = 0

def set_globvar_to_one():
    global globvar    # 使用 global 声明全局变量
    globvar = 1

def print_globvar():
    print(globvar)     # 没有使用 global

set_globvar_to_one()
print  globvar        # 输出 1
print_globvar()       # 输出 1，函数内的 globvar 已经是全局变量
</pre>
<p>1、global---将变量定义为全局变量。可以通过定义为全局变量，实现在函数内部改变变量值。</p><p>
2、一个global语句可以同时定义多个变量，如 global x, y, z。</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">bling coin</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bling coin</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;zha***nszg@126.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-04-26)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-11722"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BMPixel</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;194***4370@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-11722" data-commid = "11722" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">55</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-11722"><p>列表反转函数:
</p>
<p>Python2 代码：</p>
<pre>
#!/user/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

def reverse(li):
    for i in range(0, len(li)/2):
        temp = li[i]
        li[i] = li[-i-1]
        li[-i-1] = temp

l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
reverse(l)
print(l)
</pre>
<p>Python3 代码：</p>
<pre>#!/user/bin/python3

def reverse(li):
    for i in range(0, len(li)//2):
        temp = li[i]
        li[i] = li[-i-1]
        li[-i-1] = temp

l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
reverse(l)
print(l)</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">BMPixel</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BMPixel</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;194***4370@qq.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-05-06)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-14225"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;King</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;kin***63.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-14225" data-commid = "14225" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">29</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-14225"><p>列表反转函数二:</p>

<pre>def reverse(ListInput):
    RevList=[]
    for i in range (len(ListInput)):
        RevList.append(ListInput.pop())
    return RevList</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">King</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;King</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;kin***63.com</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-07-18)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-16950"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;songy</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;son***010@live.cn</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-16950" data-commid = "16950" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">25</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-16950"><p>简化列表反转：</p>
<pre>
def reverse(li):
    for i in range(0, len(li)/2): # python3 下使用 len(li)//2
        li[i], li[-i - 1] = li[-i - 1], li[i]
l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
reverse(l)
print(l)

</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">songy</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;songy</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;son***010@live.cn</p></div></span>6年前 (2017-08-29)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-17818"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shiyeweimian</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;860***758@qq.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://bbs.fishc.com/thread-72526-1-1.html">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-17818" data-commid = "17818" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">34</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-17818"><p>关于 <strong>return fun</strong> 和 <strong>return fun()</strong> 的区别：</p>

<pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; def funx(x):
    def funy(y):
        return x * y
    return funy    #return funy返回的是一个对象，可理解为funx是funy的一个对象

&gt;&gt;&gt; funx(7)(8)
56
&gt;&gt;&gt; def funx(x):
    def funy(y):
        return x * y
    return funy()    #return funy()返回的是funy的函数返回值，所以此处报错

&gt;&gt;&gt; funx(7)(8)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "&lt;pyshell#5&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    funx(7)(8)
  File "&lt;pyshell#4&gt;", line 4, in funx
    return funy()
TypeError: funy() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)

&gt;&gt;&gt; def funx(x):
    def funy(y):
        return x * y
    return funy(8)    

&gt;&gt;&gt; funx(7)
56</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">shiyeweimian</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shiyeweimian</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;860***758@qq.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://bbs.fishc.com/thread-72526-1-1.html">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div></span>6年前 (2017-09-20)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-29027"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;santiago</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;408***468@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-29027" data-commid = "29027" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">17</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-29027"><p>在 python 中，类型属于对象，变量是没有类型的。</p>

<pre>a=[1,2,3]

a="Runoob"</pre>
<p>以上代码中，[1,2,3] 是 List 类型，"Runoob" 是 String 类型，而变量 a 是没有类型，她仅仅是一个对象的引用（一个指针），可以是 List 类型对象，也可以指向 String 类型对象。</p>

<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">santiago</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;santiago</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;408***468@qq.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2018-07-03)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-29507"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sonnet</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;gra***nnet@qq.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="../w3cnote/python-docstrings.html">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-29507" data-commid = "29507" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">17</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-29507"><p><strong>DocStrings</strong> 文档字符串是一个重要工具，用于解释文档程序，帮助你的程序文档更加简单易懂。</p>
<pre>#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

def function():
        ''' say something here！
        '''
        pass

print (function.__doc__) # 调用 doc</pre>
<p><strong>DocStrings</strong> 文档字符串使用惯例：它的首行简述函数功能，第二行空行，第三行为函数的具体描述。</p>
<p>更多内容可参考：<a href="../w3cnote/python-docstrings.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Python 文档字符串(DocStrings)</a></p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">Sonnet</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sonnet</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;gra***nnet@qq.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="../w3cnote/python-docstrings.html">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div></span>5年前 (2018-07-12)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-30108"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;天天学python</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;495***929@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-30108" data-commid = "30108" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">23</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-30108">
<pre>#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
def printme( str, int ):
    print str,int
    return 

# int, str 顺序和定义时的顺序不一样，最终输出按照 print 的顺序
printme(int=10, str = "My string")</pre>   

<p>输出结果为：<strong>My string 10</strong></p>


<p>以上是一个具体实例，可以帮助更好的理解：使用关键字参数允许函数调用时参数的顺序与声明时不一致，因为 Python 解释器能够用参数名匹配参数值。</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">天天学python</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;天天学python</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;495***929@qq.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2018-07-24)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-36942"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;销售</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;axi***n1989@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-36942" data-commid = "36942" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">24</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-36942"><pre>#!/usr/bin/python3

def arras(x,y,z=4,*param,**params):
    print(x,y,z)
    for i in range(len(param)):
        print(param[i])
    for j in params:
        print(j+':'+params[j])
        
arras(1,2,3,4,5,'Python 风格规范(Google)本项目并非Google 官方项目,.。',foo='foo1=100',h00='hoo1=200',koo='koo1=4000')
</pre>
<p>输出结果：</p>

<pre>1 2 3
4
5
Python 风格规范(Google)本项目并非Google 官方项目,.。
foo:foo1=100
h00:hoo1=200
koo:koo1=4000</pre>

<p><strong>得出</strong>：不定长参数  <span class="marked">*</span>  输出一般都是元组的结构形式， <span class="marked">**</span>  双星输出的都是字典形式的 结构，在传值的中也要确保值得准确匹配才行，不然会报错。</p>
<div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">销售</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;销售</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;axi***n1989@qq.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2018-11-14)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-37051"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sunird</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;118***9011@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-37051" data-commid = "37051" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">26</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-37051"><p><strong>函数的方法名也可以作为另一个函数的参数。</strong></p>

<pre>#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

def add(x,y):
  return x+y

def add_twice(func,x,y):
  return func(func(x,y),func(x,y))##计算过程(5+10)+(5+10)

a=5
b=10

print(add_twice(add,a,b))</pre>
<p>其中 <strong>add</strong> 方法在 <strong>add_twice</strong> 方法中作为一个参数被调用。</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">sunird</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sunird</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;118***9011@qq.com</p></div></span>5年前 (2018-11-16)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-45696"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yefeidd</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;zjs***803757@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-45696" data-commid = "45696" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">20</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-45696"><p>可以通过重新创建一个列表引用对象，来避免修改函数内部列表的同时影响到外部的对象。</p>

<pre>#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
 
def changeme( mylists ):
   "修改传入的列表"
   mylists.append([1,2,3,4])
   print "函数内取值: ", mylists
   return
 
# 调用changeme函数
mylist = [10,20,30]
myCopy = mylist[:]  # 重新创建一个索引，这样子函数内部的修改不会影响到外部的列表。
changeme( myCopy )
print "函数外取值: ", mylist</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">yefeidd</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yefeidd</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;zjs***803757@qq.com</p></div></span>4年前 (2019-08-13)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-46684"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hamilton</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;123***c.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.iteye.com/blog/thomaschen2011-1441254">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-46684" data-commid = "46684" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">34</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-46684"><p><strong data-title="Python可变对象和不可变对象">关于本节可变/不可变对象传参的一点补充：</strong></p>

<p>Python 在 heap 中分配的对象分成两类：可变对象和不可变对象。所谓可变对象是指，对象的内容是可变的，例如 list。而不可变的对象则相反，表示其内容不可变。</p>
<pre>
不可变对象 ：int，string，float，tuple   -- 可理解为C中，该参数为值传递
可变对象   ：list，dictionary           -- 可理解为C中，该参数为指针传递
</pre>

<p><strong>一、不可变对象</strong></p>
<p>
由于 Python 中的变量存放的是对象引用，所以对于不可变对象而言，尽管对象本身不可变，但变量的对象引用是可变的。运用这样的机制，有时候会让人产生糊涂，似乎可变对象变化了。如下面的代码：</p>
<pre>
i = 73  
i += 2
</pre>
<p>
<img src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ecaa0811-5af3-3893-a26a-951bbf22a571.png"></p>
<p>
从上面得知，不可变的对象的特征没有变，依然是不可变对象，变的只是创建了新对象，改变了变量的对象引用。</p>
<p>
看看下面的代码，更能体现这点的。  </p>

<pre>#因为258是int对象，是不可变对象的。所以下面3个id的值都是一样的，最后一句的结果也是为True  
#有点奇怪的是为什么在IDLE，和在脚本执行的结果不太一样。所以下面的代码请在脚本中执行。  
  
print(id(258))  
a = 258  
print(id(a))  
b = 258  
print(id(b))  
print(a is b)  </pre>

<p><strong>二、对于可变对象</strong></p>
<p>
其对象的内容是可以变化的。当对象的内容发生变化时，变量的对象引用是不会变化的。如下面的例子。</p>

<pre>m=[5,9]  
m+=[6] </pre> 
<p><img src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/562fc52b-a7cb-36e2-936e-a03e7a62268e.png"></p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="../note/46684">hamilton</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hamilton</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;123***c.com</p><p><i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.iteye.com/blog/thomaschen2011-1441254">&nbsp;&nbsp;参考地址</a></p></div></span>4年前 (2019-09-12)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
	</ol>
	<div class="pagenav">
			</div>
</div>
<div id="respond" class="no_webshot"> 
		<div class="comment-signarea" style="display:none; padding: 20px 20px;"> 
	<h3 class="text-muted" id="share_code" style="color: #799961;"><i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 点我分享笔记</h3>
	<!--
	<p style="font-size:14px;">笔记需要是本篇文章的内容扩展！</p><br>
	<p style="font-size:12px;"><a href="../tougao" target="_blank">文章投稿，可点击这里</a></p>
	<p style="font-size:14px;"><a href="../w3cnote/runoob-user-test-intro.html#invite" target="_blank">注册邀请码获取方式</a></p>
		<h3 class="text-muted"><i class="fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分享笔记前必须<a href="javascript:;" class="runoob-pop">登录</a>！</h3>
		<p><a href="../w3cnote/runoob-user-test-intro.html#invite" target="_blank">注册邀请码获取方式</a></p>-->
	</div>
		
	<form action="/wp-content/themes/runoob/option/addnote.php" method="post" id="commentform" style="display:none;">
		<div class="comt">
			<div class="comt-title">
				<i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i>				<p><a id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="javascript:;">取消</a></p>
			</div>
			<div class="comt-box">
			<div id="mded"></div>
			
				<div class="comt-ctrl">
					<div class="comt-tips"><input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='4118' id='comment_post_ID' />
<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' />
</div>
					<button type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="5"><i class="fa fa-pencil" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分享笔记</button>
				</div>
			</div>
		
				
					<div class="comt-comterinfo"> 
						<ul id="comment-author-info">
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="author">昵称</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="author" id="author" value="" tabindex="2" placeholder="昵称"><span class="text-muted">昵称 (必填)</span></li>
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="email">邮箱</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" tabindex="3" placeholder="邮箱"><span class="text-muted">邮箱 (必填)</span></li>
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="url">引用地址</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="url" id="url" value="" tabindex="4" placeholder="引用地址"><span class="text-muted">引用地址</span></li>
						</ul>
					</div>
				
			
		</div>

	</form>
	</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
	//初始化编辑器
	
	var editor = new Simditor({
	  textarea: $('#mded'),
	  placeholder: '写笔记...',
	  upload:false,
	 // upload: {url:'/api/comment_upload_file.php',params: null,fileKey: 'upload_file',connectionCount: 1,leaveConfirm: '文件正在上传，您确定离开?'},
	  defaultImage: 'https://www.runoob.com/images/logo.png',
	  codeLanguages: '',
	  autosave: 'editor-content',
	  toolbar: [  'bold','code','ul','ol','image' ]
	});
	editor.on('selectionchanged', function() {
		$(".code-popover").hide();
	});

	// 提交数据
	$("#share_code").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		
	});
	$("#user_add_note").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		$('html, body').animate({
       	    scrollTop: $("#respond").offset().top
    	}, 200);
	});

	// 提交笔记
	var commentform=$('#commentform');
	commentform.prepend('<div id="comment-status" style="display:none;" ></div>');
	var statusdiv=$('#comment-status');
	
	commentform.submit(function(e){
		e.preventDefault();
		var noteContent = editor.getValue();
		// console.log(noteContent);
		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<pre><code>/g,"<pre>");
		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<\/code><\/pre>/g,"</pre>");
		
		// 系列化表单数据
		var comment_parent = 0;
		var is_user_logged_in = $("#is_user_logged_in").val();
		var comment_post_ID =  4118;
		var _wp_unfiltered_html_comment = $("#_wp_unfiltered_html_comment").val();
		var comment = noteContent;
		var author = $("#author").val();
		var url = $("#url").val();
		var email = $("#email").val();
		if(isBlank(author) && is_user_logged_in==0) {
			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入昵称！</p>').show();
		} else if(isBlank(email)  && is_user_logged_in==0) {
			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入邮箱！</p>').show();
		} else {
			// var formdata=commentform.serialize() + "&comment=" + noteContent ;
			// 添加状态信息
			statusdiv.html('<p>Processing...</p>').show();
			// 获取表单提交地址
			var formurl=commentform.attr('action');
			
			// 异步提交
			$.ajax({
					type: 'post',
					url: formurl,
					dataType:'json',
					data: {"comment_parent":comment_parent,"comment_post_ID":comment_post_ID, "_wp_unfiltered_html_comment":_wp_unfiltered_html_comment,"comment":comment,"url":url, "email":email,"author":author},
					error: function(XMLHttpRequest, textStatus, errorThrown){
					statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >数据不完整或表单提交太快了！</p>').show();
				},
				success: function(data, textStatus){
					if(data.errorno=="0") {
						$("#submit").prop('disabled', true);
						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-success" >笔记已提交审核，感谢分享笔记！</p>').show();
						alert('笔记已提交审核，感谢分享笔记！');
					}else{
						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >'+data.msg+'</p>').show();
					}
					commentform.find('textarea[name=comment]').val('');
				}
			});
			setTimeout(function(){
		        $("#submit").prop('disabled', false);
		    }, 10*1000);
		}
		return false;

	});
	$(".comt-author").click(function() {
		href = $(this).children("a").attr("href");
		if(href.indexOf("/note/")!=-1) {
			var win = window.open(href, '_blank');
  			win.focus();
		}
	});
	$(".comt-meta span").hover(function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").removeAttr("style");
	});
	/*
	$(".wrapper i").hover(function(){
		$(this).siblings(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).siblings(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 0, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	});
	*/
	//Upvote.create('runoobvote-id', {callback: vote_callback});
	var ajaxurl = 'https://www.runoob.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php';
	var callback = function(data) {
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('upvoted'));
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('downvoted'));
		//console.log(data);
		_vote_action = data.action;
		id_arr = data.id.split('-');
		um_id= id_arr[2];
		//console.log(um_id);
		
		var re = /^[1-9]+/;
		if (re.test(um_id)) { 
			var ajax_data = {
				_vote_action: _vote_action,
				action: "pinglun_zan",
				um_id: um_id,
				um_action: "ding"
			};
			//console.log(ajax_data);
			$.post(ajaxurl,ajax_data,function(status){
				//if(status.vote_num>999) {
				//	_voteHtml = '<span style="display: block; text-align: center;font-size: 20px; color: #6a737c; margin: 8px 0;">'+kFormatter(status.vote_num) +'</span>';
				//	$("#runoobvote-id-" + um_id + " .count").hide().after(_voteHtml);
				//}
				
			});
		}
	};
	if($('#comments').length && $('.upvotejs').length){
		$('.upvotejs').upvote({id: 4118, callback: callback});
	
		$.post(ajaxurl,{"action":"pinglun_zan","postid":4118},function(data){  
			$(data).each(function(key,value) {
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .upvote").addClass(value.upvotejs_class);
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .downvote").addClass(value.downvote_class);
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .count").text(value.upvote_count);
			})
		},'json');
		
	}
	
	
});
function isBlank(str) {
    return (!str || /^\s*$/.test(str));
}
function kFormatter(num) {
	// return num;
    return Math.abs(num) > 999 ? Math.sign(num)*((Math.abs(num)/1000).toFixed(1)) + 'k' : Math.sign(num)*Math.abs(num)
}

</script>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/qa.css?1.44">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../0/simditor.min.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src=""></script>
		<div class="sidebar-box ">
				

<style>	
.responsive_ad1 { display:none; }
@media(min-width: 800px) { .responsive_ad1 {  display:block;margin:0 auto;} }
</style>
<div id="ad-336280" >

<script async src=""
     crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<!-- 移动版 自动调整 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
     style="display:block"
     data-ad-client="ca-pub-5751451760833794"
     data-ad-slot="1691338467"
     data-ad-format="auto"
     data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins>
<script>
     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
		</div>
				</div>
		
	</div>
</div>
	

<!-- 右边栏 -->
<div class="fivecol last right-column">

<style>
.sidebar-tree .double-li {
    width:300px;
}
.sidebar-tree .double-li li {
    width: 44%;
    line-height: 1.5em;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
    float: left;
    display: inline;
}
</style>

    
        <div class="sidebar-box re-box re-box-large">
        <div class="sidebar-box recommend-here" style="margin: 0 auto;">
            <a href="javascript:void(0);" style="font-size: 16px; color:#64854c;font-weight:bold;"> <i class="fa fa-list" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分类导航</a>
        </div>
    <div class="sidebar-box sidebar-cate">
        
        <div class="sidebar-tree" >
            <ul><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> HTML / CSS</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="HTML 教程" href="../html/html-tutorial.html">HTML 教程</a></li><li><a title="HTML5 教程" href="../html/html5-intro.html">HTML5 教程</a></li><li><a title="CSS 教程" href="../css/css-tutorial.html">CSS 教程</a></li><li><a title="CSS3 教程" href="../css3/css3-tutorial.html">CSS3 教程</a></li><li><a title="Bootstrap3 教程" href="../bootstrap/bootstrap-tutorial.html">Bootstrap3 教程</a></li><li><a title="Bootstrap4 教程" href="../bootstrap4/bootstrap4-tutorial.html">Bootstrap4 教程</a></li><li><a title="Bootstrap5 教程" href="../bootstrap5/bootstrap5-tutorial.html">Bootstrap5 教程</a></li><li><a title="Font Awesome 教程" href="../font-awesome/fontawesome-tutorial.html">Font Awesome 教程</a></li><li><a title="Foundation 教程" href="../foundation/foundation-tutorial.html">Foundation 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> JavaScript</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="JavaScript 教程" href="../js/js-tutorial.html">JavaScript 教程</a></li><li><a title="HTML DOM 教程" href="../htmldom/htmldom-tutorial.html">HTML DOM 教程</a></li><li><a title="jQuery 教程" href="../jquery/jquery-tutorial.html">jQuery 教程</a></li><li><a title="AngularJS 教程" href="../angularjs/angularjs-tutorial.html">AngularJS 教程</a></li><li><a title="AngularJS2 教程" href="../angularjs2/angularjs2-tutorial.html">AngularJS2 教程</a></li><li><a title="Vue.js 教程" href="../vue2/vue-tutorial.html">Vue.js 教程</a></li><li><a title="Vue3 教程" href="../vue3/vue3-tutorial.html">Vue3 教程</a></li><li><a title="React 教程" href="../react/react-tutorial.html">React 教程</a></li><li><a title="TypeScript 教程" href="../typescript/ts-tutorial.html">TypeScript 教程</a></li><li><a title="jQuery UI 教程" href="../jqueryui/jqueryui-tutorial.html">jQuery UI 教程</a></li><li><a title="jQuery EasyUI 教程" href="../jeasyui/jqueryeasyui-tutorial.html">jQuery EasyUI 教程</a></li><li><a title="Node.js 教程" href="../nodejs/nodejs-tutorial.html">Node.js 教程</a></li><li><a title="AJAX 教程" href="../ajax/ajax-tutorial.html">AJAX 教程</a></li><li><a title="JSON 教程" href="../json/json-tutorial.html">JSON 教程</a></li><li><a title="Echarts 教程" href="../echarts/echarts-tutorial.html">Echarts 教程</a></li><li><a title="Chart.js 教程" href="../chartjs/chartjs-tutorial.html">Chart.js 教程</a></li><li><a title="Highcharts 教程" href="../highcharts/highcharts-tutorial.html">Highcharts 教程</a></li><li><a title="Google 地图 教程" href="../googleapi/google-maps-basic.html">Google 地图 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> 服务端</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="Python 教程" href="../python3/python3-tutorial.html">Python 教程</a></li><li><a title="Python2.x 教程" href="../python/python-tutorial.html">Python2.x 教程</a></li><li><a title="Linux 教程" href="../linux/linux-tutorial.html">Linux 教程</a></li><li><a title="Docker 教程" href="../docker/docker-tutorial.html">Docker 教程</a></li><li><a title="Ruby 教程" href="../ruby/ruby-tutorial.html">Ruby 教程</a></li><li><a title="Java 教程" href="../java/java-tutorial.html">Java 教程</a></li><li><a title="C 教程" href="../c/c-tutorial.html">C 教程</a></li><li><a title="C++ 教程" href="../cplusplus/cpp-tutorial.html">C++ 教程</a></li><li><a title="Perl 教程" href="../perl/perl-tutorial.html">Perl 教程</a></li><li><a title="Servlet 教程" href="../servlet/servlet-tutorial.html">Servlet 教程</a></li><li><a title="JSP 教程" href="../jsp/jsp-tutorial.html">JSP 教程</a></li><li><a title="Lua 教程" href="../lua/lua-tutorial.html">Lua 教程</a></li><li><a title="Rust 教程" href="../rust/rust-tutorial.html">Rust 教程</a></li><li><a title="Scala 教程" href="../scala/scala-tutorial.html">Scala 教程</a></li><li><a title="Go 教程" href="../go/go-tutorial.html">Go 教程</a></li><li><a title="PHP 教程" href="../php/php-tutorial.html">PHP 教程</a></li><li><a title="数据结构与算法" href="../data-structures/data-structures-tutorial.html">数据结构与算法</a></li><li><a title="Django 教程" href="../django/django-tutorial.html">Django 教程</a></li><li><a title="Zookeeper 教程" href="../w3cnote/zookeeper-tutorial.html">Zookeeper 教程</a></li><li><a title="设计模式" href="../design-pattern/design-pattern-tutorial.html">设计模式</a></li><li><a title="正则表达式" href="../regexp/regexp-tutorial.html">正则表达式</a></li><li><a title="Maven 教程" href="../maven/maven-tutorial.html">Maven 教程</a></li><li><a title="Verilog 教程" href="../w3cnote/verilog-tutorial.html">Verilog 教程</a></li><li><a title="ASP 教程" href="../asp/asp-tutorial.html">ASP 教程</a></li><li><a title="AppML 教程" href="../appml/appml-tutorial.html">AppML 教程</a></li><li><a title="VBScript 教程" href="../vbscript/vbscript-tutorial.html">VBScript 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> 数据库</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="SQL 教程" href="../sql/sql-tutorial.html">SQL 教程</a></li><li><a title="MySQL 教程" href="../mysql/mysql-tutorial.html">MySQL 教程</a></li><li><a title="PostgreSQL 教程" href="../postgresql/postgresql-tutorial.html">PostgreSQL 教程</a></li><li><a title="SQLite 教程" href="../sqlite/sqlite-tutorial.html">SQLite 教程</a></li><li><a title="MongoDB 教程" href="../mongodb/mongodb-tutorial.html">MongoDB 教程</a></li><li><a title="Redis 教程" href="../redis/redis-tutorial.html">Redis 教程</a></li><li><a title="Memcached 教程" href="../Memcached/Memcached-tutorial.html">Memcached 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> 数据分析</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="Python 教程" href="../python3/python3-tutorial.html">Python 教程</a></li><li><a title="NumPy 教程" href="../numpy/numpy-tutorial.html">NumPy 教程</a></li><li><a title="Pandas 教程" href="../pandas/pandas-tutorial.html">Pandas 教程</a></li><li><a title="Matplotlib 教程" href="../matplotlib/matplotlib-tutorial.html">Matplotlib 教程</a></li><li><a title="Scipy 教程" href="../scipy/scipy-tutorial.html">Scipy 教程</a></li><li><a title="R 教程" href="../r/r-tutorial.html">R 教程</a></li><li><a title="Julia 教程" href="../julia/julia-tutorial.html">Julia 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> 移动端</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="Android 教程" href="../w3cnote/android-tutorial-intro.html">Android 教程</a></li><li><a title="Swift 教程" href="../swift/swift-tutorial.html">Swift 教程</a></li><li><a title="jQuery Mobile 教程" href="../jquerymobile/jquerymobile-tutorial.html">jQuery Mobile 教程</a></li><li><a title="ionic 教程" href="../ionic/ionic-tutorial.html">ionic 教程</a></li><li><a title="Kotlin 教程" href="../kotlin/kotlin-tutorial.html">Kotlin 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> XML 教程</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="XML 教程" href="../xml/xml-tutorial.html">XML 教程</a></li><li><a title="DTD 教程" href="../dtd/dtd-tutorial.html">DTD 教程</a></li><li><a title="XML DOM 教程" href="../dom/dom-tutorial.html">XML DOM 教程</a></li><li><a title="XSLT 教程" href="../xsl/xsl-tutorial.html">XSLT 教程</a></li><li><a title="XPath 教程" href="../xpath/xpath-tutorial.html">XPath 教程</a></li><li><a title="XQuery 教程" href="../xquery/xquery-tutorial.html">XQuery 教程</a></li><li><a title="XLink 教程" href="../xlink/xlink-tutorial.html">XLink 教程</a></li><li><a title="XPointer 教程" href="../xlink/xlink-tutorial.html">XPointer 教程</a></li><li><a title="XML Schema 教程" href="../schema/schema-tutorial.html">XML Schema 教程</a></li><li><a title="XSL-FO 教程" href="../xslfo/xslfo-tutorial.html">XSL-FO 教程</a></li><li><a title="SVG 教程" href="../svg/svg-tutorial.html">SVG 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> ASP.NET</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="ASP.NET 教程" href="../aspnet/aspnet-tutorial.html">ASP.NET 教程</a></li><li><a title="C# 教程" href="../csharp/csharp-tutorial.html">C# 教程</a></li><li><a title="Web Pages 教程" href="../aspnet/webpages-intro.html">Web Pages 教程</a></li><li><a title="Razor 教程" href="../aspnet/razor-intro.html">Razor 教程</a></li><li><a title="MVC 教程" href="../aspnet/mvc-intro.html">MVC 教程</a></li><li><a title="Web Forms 教程" href="../aspnet/aspnet-intro.html">Web Forms 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> Web Service</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="Web Service 教程" href="../webservices/webservices-tutorial.html">Web Service 教程</a></li><li><a title="WSDL 教程" href="../wsdl/wsdl-tutorial.html">WSDL 教程</a></li><li><a title="SOAP 教程" href="../soap/soap-tutorial.html">SOAP 教程</a></li><li><a title="RSS 教程" href="../rss/rss-tutorial.html">RSS 教程</a></li><li><a title="RDF 教程" href="../rdf/rdf-tutorial.html">RDF 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> 开发工具</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="Eclipse 教程" href="../eclipse/eclipse-tutorial.html">Eclipse 教程</a></li><li><a title="Git 教程" href="../git/git-tutorial.html">Git 教程</a></li><li><a title="Svn 教程" href="../svn/svn-tutorial.html">Svn 教程</a></li><li><a title="Markdown 教程" href="../markdown/md-tutorial.html">Markdown 教程</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="tit"> 网站建设</a><ul class="double-li"><li><a title="HTTP 教程" href="../http/http-tutorial.html">HTTP 教程</a></li><li><a title="网站建设指南" href="../web/web-buildingprimer.html">网站建设指南</a></li><li><a title="浏览器信息" href="../browsers/browser-information.html">浏览器信息</a></li><li><a title="网站主机教程" href="../hosting/hosting-tutorial.html">网站主机教程</a></li><li><a title="TCP/IP 教程" href="../tcpip/tcpip-tutorial.html">TCP/IP 教程</a></li><li><a title="W3C 教程" href="../w3c/w3c-tutorial.html">W3C 教程</a></li><li><a title="网站品质" href="../quality/quality-tutorial.html">网站品质</a></li></ul></li></ul>            </div>
    
    </div>
    </div>
    <br>
    
    <div class="sidebar-box re-box re-box-large">
        <div class="sidebar-box recommend-here">
            <a href="javascript:void(0);">Advertisement</a>
        </div>
        <div class="re-600160" id="sidebar-right-re">
                <script async src=""></script>
        <!-- 侧栏1 -->
        <ins class="adsbygoogle"
             style="display:inline-block;width:160px;height:600px"
             data-ad-client="ca-pub-5751451760833794"
             data-ad-slot="4106274865"></ins>
        <script>
        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
        </script>
                </div>
    </div>
</div></div>

</div>

<script>
var aid = 4118;
function coll() {
	$.post( '/wp-content/themes/runoob/option/user/userinfo.php', {aid:aid, action:"collarticle", opt:'add'},function( data ) {
		if(data.error==0) {
			$("#content").find("h1:first").find("a").attr("href","javascript:void(0);");
			$("#content").find("h1:first").find("img").attr("src","http://www.runoob.com/wp-content/themes/runoob/assets/img/coll2.png").css({width:32+"px",height:32+"px"});
		}
		alert(data.msg);
	},'json');
}
</script>


<!-- 反馈对话框开始 -->
<script src=""></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/feedback.css?1.0" />
<script type="text/javascript">
$.feedback({
    ajaxURL: '/feedback/runoob_feedback.php',
	html2canvasURL: '/wp-content/themes/runoob/assets/feedback/stable/2.0/html2canvas.js',
	onClose: function () {
         window.location.reload();
    }
});
</script>
<!-- 反馈对话框结束 -->
<button class="feedback-btn feedback-btn-gray">反馈/建议</button>
<!-- 底部 -->
<div id="footer" class="mar-t50">
   <div class="runoob-block">
    <div class="runoob cf">
     <dl>
      <dt>
       在线实例
      </dt>
      <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../html/html-examples.html">HTML 实例</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../css/css-examples.html">CSS 实例</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../js/js-examples.html">JavaScript 实例</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../ajx/ajax-examples.html">Ajax 实例</a>
      </dd>
       <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../jquery/jquery-examples.html">jQuery 实例</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../xml/xml-examples.html">XML 实例</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;<a target="_blank" href="../java/java-examples.html">Java 实例</a>
      </dd>
     
     </dl>
     <dl>
      <dt>
      字符集&工具
      </dt>
      <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="../charsets/html-charsets.html">HTML 字符集设置</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="../tags/html-ascii.html">HTML ASCII 字符集</a>
      </dd>
     <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="https://c.runoob.com/front-end/6939/">JS 混淆/加密</a>
      </dd> 
      <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="https://c.runoob.com/front-end/6232/">PNG/JPEG 图片压缩</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="../tags/html-colorpicker.html">HTML 拾色器</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="..//c.runoob.com/front-end/53">JSON 格式化工具</a>
      </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot; <a target="_blank" href="..//c.runoob.com/front-end/6680/">随机数生成器</a>
      </dd>
     </dl>
     <dl>
      <dt>
       最新更新
      </dt>
                   <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../matplotlib/matplotlib-imread.html" title="Matplotlib imread() 方法">Matplotlib imre...</a>
      </dd>
              <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../matplotlib/matplotlib-imsave.html" title="Matplotlib imsave() 方法">Matplotlib imsa...</a>
      </dd>
              <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../matplotlib/matplotlib-imshow.html" title="Matplotlib imshow() 方法">Matplotlib imsh...</a>
      </dd>
              <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../matplotlib/matplotlib-hist.html" title="Matplotlib 直方图">Matplotlib 直方图</a>
      </dd>
              <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../python3/python-func-object.html" title="Python object() 函数">Python object()...</a>
      </dd>
              <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../python3/python-ai-draw.html" title="Python AI 绘画">Python AI 绘画</a>
      </dd>
              <dd>
       &middot;
      <a href="../w3cnote/cursor-editor.html" title="神辅助 Cursor 编辑器，加入 GPT-4 让编码更轻松！">神辅助 Cursor ...</a>
      </dd>
             </dl>
     <dl>
      <dt>
       站点信息
      </dt>
      <dd>
       &middot;
       <a target="_blank" href="mailto:admin@runoob.com" rel="external nofollow">意见反馈</a>
       </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;
      <a target="_blank" href="../disclaimer">免责声明</a>
       </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;
       <a target="_blank" href="../aboutus">关于我们</a>
       </dd>
      <dd>
       &middot;
      <a target="_blank" href="../archives">文章归档</a>
      </dd>
    
     </dl>
    
     <div class="search-share">
      <div class="app-download">
        <div>
         <strong>关注微信</strong>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="share">
      <img width="128" height="128" src="/wp-content/themes/runoob/assets/images/qrcode.png" />
       </div>
     </div>
     
    </div>
   </div>
   <div class="w-1000 copyright">
     Copyright &copy; 2013-2023    <strong><a href="../" target="_blank">菜鸟教程</a></strong>&nbsp;
    <strong><a href="../" target="_blank">runoob.com</a></strong> All Rights Reserved. 备案号：<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://beian.miit.gov.cn/">闽ICP备15012807号-1</a>
   </div>
  </div>
  <div class="fixed-btn">
    <a class="go-top" href="javascript:void(0)" title="返回顶部"> <i class="fa fa-angle-up"></i></a>
    <a class="qrcode"  href="javascript:void(0)" title="关注我们"><i class="fa fa-qrcode"></i></a>
    <a class="writer" style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)"   title="标记/收藏"><i class="fa fa-star" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
    <!-- qrcode modal -->
    <div id="bottom-qrcode" class="modal panel-modal hide fade in">
      <h4>微信关注</h4>
      <div class="panel-body"><img alt="微信关注" width="128" height="128" src="/wp-content/themes/runoob/assets/images/qrcode.png"></div> 
    </div>
  </div>

 <div style="display:none;">
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-84264393-2"></script>
<script>
  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
  function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
  gtag('js', new Date());

  gtag('config', 'UA-84264393-2');
</script>
<script>
var _hmt = _hmt || [];
(function() {
  var hm = document.createElement("script");
  hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?3eec0b7da6548cf07db3bc477ea905ee";
  var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; 
  s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s);
})();
</script>

</div>
<script>
window.jsui={
    www: 'https://www.runoob.com',
    uri: 'https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/themes/runoob'
};
</script>

<script src=""></script>
<script src=""></script>

</body>
</html>